临床病理诊断与鉴别诊断:泌尿及男性生殖系统疾病
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第八章 髓质海绵肾

【定义】

髓质海绵肾(medullar sponge kidney,MSK)是一种先天性发育异常,表现为肾髓质乳头部的集合管扩张,呈囊状。多数MSK为散发性,少数为遗传性。

【临床特征】

1.流行病学

(1)发病率:

发病率约为1/5 000~1/2 000,普通人群发病率小于0.5%,在复发性草酸钙结石患者中约占12%~20%。

(2)发病年龄:

多数在年轻成人患者中得到确诊,但常在出生时已经存在。

(3)性别:

男性多见。

2.症状

表现为复发性尿路结石及感染等并发症,并有肾绞痛,腰背部疼痛和间歇性血尿、脓尿等。

3.实验室检查

显示为尿路结石及尿路感染等并发症相关的异常。

4.影像学特点

超声显示双肾大小正常或略增大,可见围绕髓质呈放射状的无回声区和强回声光点,伴有后方声影;腹部平片显示多发性结石在肾乳头区呈簇状、放射状排列;尿路造影显示双肾乳头呈“画笔”样;CT平扫示双肾锥体内多发小结石,呈斑点状。

5.治疗

主要针对并发症,无症状和并发症时不需治疗。

6.预后

如反复并发尿路结石、尿路感染及肾盂肾炎时,可致肾功能受损,预后不良。

【病理变化】

1.大体特征

多为双侧肾脏受累。多数肾脏大体正常,约1/3患者肾脏弥漫性轻度增大。切面肾锥体见大小不等囊肿(多数直径<1.5mm),常伴小结石。

2.镜下特征

(1)组织学特征:

肾锥体囊肿内壁衬覆立方至柱状上皮,接近尿路上皮处可见上皮复层化;囊腔内含嗜伊红染物质,也可见磷酸盐结石/草酸钙结石、多核巨细胞、红细胞;间质可见纤维化及炎症细胞浸润;肾锥体外的肾实质内无囊肿形成。

(2)免疫组化:

肾锥体囊肿内衬上皮EMA阳性。

3.基因遗传学特征

约5%患者为常染色体显性遗传,可能与GDNFRET基因突变或多态性相关。此外还可能与肾母细胞瘤、尿路发育异常、Beckwith-Wiedemann综合征、Rabson-Mendenhall综合征、先天性肝纤维化、Ehlers-Danlos综合征、MEN2及马凡氏综合征相关。

【鉴别诊断】

常染色体显性遗传多囊肾病(ADPKD)

可表现为肾盏周围肾小管扩张,但皮质囊肿和家族史的存在有助于区别MSK的散发性病例。

(王景美 付尧 樊祥山)

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