第四节 头晕分层诊断思路小结
Bárány协会推出的分层诊断对临床很有帮助[13],分为症状体征、综合征、疾病和潜在病因4个层面,分层诊断的基础依然是前面所述的病史和体格检查。主要根据症状和体征中的诱发因素、持续时间和既往是否有类似发作分为发作性前庭综合征、急性前庭综合征和慢性前庭综合征。发作性前庭综合征,其每次发作时间多以小时计,原则上不超过24 h,主要在MD和VM间鉴别,此时纯音电测听是最重要的区分依据;急性前庭综合征基本为单次发作,症状呈持续性,常超过24 h,无听力下降时主要在VN和PCI间鉴别,有听力下降时需区分是突聋伴眩晕还是PCI,此时头颅MRI检查是确诊PCI的金标准。以上综合征中的疾病均属于前庭疾病范畴,而最后的慢性前庭综合征,其症状持续时间超过3个月,此时主要考虑BVP、PPPD和小脑变性疾病等。临床BVP少见,更多的是没有前庭功能异常的PPPD,小脑变性疾病是整个小脑的变性,患者存在新小脑和脊髓小脑的功能异常,而非单纯的绒球小结叶异常导致的前庭、眼动障碍。同时应看到很多系统性疾病的患者如甲状腺功能亢进、甲状腺功能减退、睡眠呼吸暂停、帕金森病、正常颅压脑积水等也常以慢性头晕来就诊,这些患者虽有头晕主诉,但头晕不是患者的核心症状,患者同时存在其他明确的非前庭症状或体征,通过辅助检查或症状体征可明确诊断,临床如将这些非特异头晕表现的患者纳入头晕眩晕疾病谱易引起泛化。
(庄建华 黄海威)
思考题
1.评估眼、头动、耳、姿势平衡四大方面的体格检查要点有哪些?
2.如何进行头晕的分层诊断?
参考文献
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